Bash Test Operators

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Everything that can be useful in test constructs (if statements) in a bash environment.

This cheat sheet is based on the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper.

Compound Comparison

-a

logical and

Similar to &&

-o

logical or

Similar to ||

Integer Comparison

-eq

is equal to

if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]

-ne

is not equal to

if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]

-gt

is greater than

if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]

-ge

is greater than or equal to

if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]

-lt

is less than

if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]

-le

is less than or equal to

if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]

<

is less than

(within double parentheses)

(("$a" < "$b"))

<=

is less than or equal to

(within double parentheses)

(("$a" <= "$b"))

>

is greater than

(within double parentheses)

(("$a" > "$b"))

>=

is greater than or equal to

(within double parentheses)

(("$a" >= "$b"))

String Comparison

=

==

is equal to

The == comparison operator behaves differently within a double-brackets test than within single brackets.

[[ $a == z* ]]   # True if $a starts with an "z" (pattern matching).
[[ $a == "z*" ]] # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching).

[ $a == z* ]     # File globbing and word splitting take place.
[ "$a" == "z*" ] # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching).

!=

is not equal to

if [ "$a" != "$b" ]

This operator uses pattern matching within a [[ ... ]] construct.

<

is less than, in ASCII alphabetical order

Note that the < needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.

if [[ "$a" < "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \< "$b" ]

>

is greater than, in ASCII alphabetical order.

Note that the > needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.

if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]

-z

string is null

that is, has zero length

if [ -z "$s" ]

-n

string is not null.

if [ -n "$s" ]

File Test Operators

-e

-a

file exists

-a is deprecated and its use is discouraged.

-f

file is a regular file (not a directory or device file)

-d

file is a directory

-h

-L

file is a symbolic link

-b

file is a block device

-c

file is a character device

-p

file is a pipe

-S

file is a socket

-s

file is not zero size

-t

file (descriptor) is associated with a terminal device

This test option may be used to check whether the stdin [ -t 0 ] or stdout [ -t 1 ] in a given script is a terminal.

-r

file has read permission (for the user running the test)

-w

file has write permission (for the user running the test)

-x

file has execute permission (for the user running the test)

-g

set-group-id (sgid) flag set on file or directory

-u

set-user-id (suid) flag set on file

-k

sticky bit set

-O

you are owner of file

-G

group-id of file same as yours

-N

file modified since it was last read

-nt

file f1 is newer than f2

if [ "$f1" -nt "$f2" ]

-ot

file f1 is older than f2

if [ "$f1" -ot "$f2" ]

!

"not" -- reverses the sense of the tests above (returns true if condition absent).

Notes

Based on the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper.